- Problem: Spiral Matrix, 用 vector 給定一個二維陣列, 順時針螺旋的方式, 將所有元素 traverse 一次
- Concept: 注意邊界的處理, 轉彎的動作包含了
- 超過邊界: 判斷是否超過 minX, maxX 及 Y 方向的邊界
- 返回界內
- 轉彎: 可以用 enum 來寫 direction
- 更新邊界: e.g. 往下走, 則上界 minY += 1
- Implementation:
-
class Solution { public: enum E_DIRECTION { E_DIR_RIGHT = 0, E_DIR_DOWN, E_DIR_LEFT, E_DIR_UP, E_DIR_ALL }; enum E_TOWARD { E_FORWARD = 0, E_BACKWARD, E_TOWARDS }; void step (E_DIRECTION dir, E_TOWARD to, int &x, int &y) { int step = (E_FORWARD == to) ? 1 : -1; switch (dir) { case E_DIR_RIGHT: x += step; break; case E_DIR_DOWN: y += step; break; case E_DIR_LEFT: x -= step; break; case E_DIR_UP: y -= step; break; } } void turn (E_DIRECTION &dir, int &minX, int &maxX, int &minY, int &maxY) { int nextDir = (1 + dir) % E_DIR_ALL; dir = (E_DIRECTION) nextDir; switch (dir) { case E_DIR_DOWN: minY += 1; break; case E_DIR_LEFT: maxX -= 1; break; case E_DIR_UP: maxY -= 1; break; case E_DIR_RIGHT: minX += 1; break; } } vector
spiralOrder(vector >& matrix) { vector result; if (matrix.empty()) return result; int height = matrix.size(); int width = matrix[0].size(); // check matrix.empty before int x = 0, y = 0; // current traverse coordinate int minX = 0, maxX = width - 1, minY = 0, maxY = height - 1; E_DIRECTION eDir = E_DIR_RIGHT; // termination condition while (minX <= maxX && minY <= maxY) { // change direction condition if (x < minX || x > maxX || y < minY || y > maxY) { step (eDir, E_BACKWARD, x, y); turn (eDir, minX, maxX, minY, maxY); step (eDir, E_FORWARD, x, y); } else { // index starts from 1 result.push_back(matrix[y][x]); step (eDir, E_FORWARD, x, y); } } return result; } };
2018年10月31日 星期三
[LeetCode] 54. Spiral Matrix
[LeetCode] 42. Trapping Rain Water
- Problem: Trapping Rain Water, 利用 histogram 的圖形, 統計可以接的雨水量
- Concept:
- 第 i 個 bin 能接的水量, 被左右高度所決定 (取其小的)
- 而左右的高度, 相當於持續統計的結果
-
leftMaxHeight (i) = max { leftMaxHeight[i-1], height [i-1] }
- 同理, rightMaxHeight 也是, 只是要由右往左統計
- Implementation:
-
class Solution { public: int trap(vector
& height) { int result = 0; if (height.size() < 2) return result; vector leftMaxHeight; vector rightMaxHeight(height.size(), 0); leftMaxHeight.push_back(0); for (int i = 1; i < height.size(); i++) { leftMaxHeight.push_back(max(leftMaxHeight[i-1], height[i-1])); } for (int i = height.size() - 2; i >= 0; i--) { rightMaxHeight[i] = max(rightMaxHeight[i+1], height[i+1]); } for (int i = 0; i < height.size(); i++) { int h = min (leftMaxHeight[i], rightMaxHeight[i]) - height[i]; if (h > 0) result += h; } return result; } };
[LeetCode] 66. Plus One
- Problem: use vector to express digits, plus one to calculate result
- Concept: 算是簡單考 carry 的概念, mod 等基本運算
- Implementation:
-
class Solution { public: vector
plusOne(vector & digits) { vector result(digits); if (digits.size() == 0) return result; int carry = 1; // init as plus one for (vector ::iterator iter = digits.end() - 1; iter >= digits.begin(); iter--) { int prevCarry = carry; carry = (*iter + carry) / 10; *iter = (*iter + prevCarry) % 10; if (0 == carry) break; } if (1 == carry) digits.insert(digits.begin(), 1); return digits; } };
2018年10月25日 星期四
[LeetCode] 681. Next Closet Time
- Problem: 681. Next Closet Time 下個最接近的時間
- Limitation: 只能用原本時間的 digits, 可以重複
- Concept:
- string/char/time 操作
- 可以直接暴力的使用累加來比對是否符合條件, 因為最大值僅 60 * 24 (=1440)
- Note: includes 的 parameter 僅能用以排序的 container, e.g. set
-
class Solution { public: string nextClosestTime(string time) { string nextTime = time; // brute force to incremental check set
setTimeChar(time.begin(), time.end()); int hours = stoi(time.substr(0, 2)); int mins = stoi(time.substr(3, 2)); const int MAX_NEXT_TIME = 60 * 24; for (int i = 0; i < MAX_NEXT_TIME; i++) { if(++mins >= 60) { mins -= 60; ++hours; if (hours >= 24) hours -= 24; }; const int TIME_LEN = 5; char buf[TIME_LEN]; sprintf(buf, "%02d:%02d", hours, mins); set setNextTimeChar(buf, buf + TIME_LEN); if (includes(setTimeChar.begin(), setTimeChar.end(), setNextTimeChar.begin(), setNextTimeChar.end())) return string(buf); } return time; } };
[LeetCode] 200. Number of Islands
- Problem: Number of Islands, 僅上下左右 (不包含對角線) 相鄰的 components (islands) 個數
- Limitation:
- Note:
- 注意 data type, namely, char 的 '0', hex 為 30, 不要拿來與 0 做比較
- 注意邊界條件, width, height 判斷依據為 >=, 若判斷條件有誤會跑不完
- Concept:
- nIslands 計數後, 運用 DFS將相鄰的全設為 '0'
- Implementation:
-
class Solution { public: void dfs(int i, int j, size_t width, size_t height, vector
> &grid) { if (i < 0 || j < 0 || i >= width || j >= height || grid[i][j] == '0') return; grid[i][j] = '0'; dfs(i , j - 1, width, height, grid); dfs(i , j + 1, width, height, grid); dfs(i - 1, j , width, height, grid); dfs(i + 1, j , width, height, grid); } int numIslands(vector >& grid) { int nIslands = 0; if(grid.empty()) return 0; const size_t width = grid.size(); const size_t height = grid[0].size(); for (size_t i = 0; i < width; i++) { assert (height == grid[i].size()); for (size_t j = 0; j < height; j++) { if (grid[i][j] - '0') { nIslands++; dfs(i, j, width, height, grid); } } } return nIslands; } };
[LeetCode] 146. LRU Cache
- Problem: 實作 LRU Cache data structure and get/put operations
- Limitation: O(1) time complexity
- Note:
- get 與 put 都包含了 find 的 operation, 若需要 O(1), 則需要 hash table (unordered_map)
- insert 與 pop: 若 insert (push), pop 都是 push / pop back的話, linked list 或是 vector container 都可以達到 O(1) 的 complexity
- move: 但 LRU 包含了將最近使用的 entry 移動到 begin, 這只有 linked list 能達成
- 要明確了解 get/put 的動作, e.g. put 若是 put 同樣 key, 不同 value, 則 value 應更新
- Concept:
- 較無演算發的要求, 畢竟 LRU 本身就是演算法的概念
- 相當於在考 data structure design, 可知要實作 hash table 找 entry (key 做 hash, value 為 pointer to cache entry), 並用 linked list 來maintain cache entries (key, value) 的 pair
- Implementation:
-
class LRUCache { public: LRUCache(int capacity) { m_capacity = capacity; } int get(int key) { unordered_map
>::iterator>::iterator it = m_hash.find(key); if (it != m_hash.cend()) { // move cache m_cache.splice(m_cache.begin(), m_cache, it->second); it->second = m_cache.begin(); return it->second->second; } else return -1; } void put(int key, int value) { // 1. find if it alread exists, if yes, move to begin, else insert it unordered_map >::iterator>::iterator it = m_hash.find(key); if (it != m_hash.cend()) { // move cache m_cache.splice(m_cache.begin(), m_cache, it->second); it->second = m_cache.begin(); // Note: this value may differ from original one, we need to update value it->second->second = value; } else { // check if size reaches capacity if (m_cache.size() >= m_capacity) { // a. remove cache entry it = m_hash.find(m_cache.back().first); //cout << "m_cache.back().first: " << m_cache.back().first << endl; m_hash.erase(it); // b. remove LRU m_cache.pop_back(); } m_cache.emplace(m_cache.begin(), make_pair(key, value)); m_hash.insert(make_pair(key, m_cache.begin())); } } private: // O(1) to move, insert, delete nodes, we need list data structure // for the given data, we need a pair to store both key & value list< pair > m_cache; // max cache size int m_capacity; // for O(1) to find, we need a hash table which we use map here unordered_map >::iterator> m_hash; };
2018年10月19日 星期五
[C++] header.h 與 cheader 的差異
- 簡單解釋
- header.h 是 C++ 為了相容 C 保留的 header files
- header.h 與 cheader 是 C 與 C++ 的對應, 但實際介面與實作上有些微差異
- 如 cmath 中, abs 是以 overload 方式實作與提供介面, 但 math.h 則是 implement 多種 type 的 functions, e.g. fabs
- 差異的地方是 cheader 將各 function 定義在 std的 namespace 下, 所以使用時要加 std:: 或是呼叫 using namespace std;
- 實際使用
- 建議以 C++ 的方式思考
include <cxxxx>
using namespace std::functionYouUsed
- Reference:
2018年10月18日 星期四
[C++] STL 中 list, vector 的差異
- C++ library 中, 著名的幾個 container 包含了 list, vector, map, set (hash map/set supported in C++11 or C++03/TR1)
- vector 是連續空間, 可以用 [] 作為 index來存取, 隨機存取速度快, 但插入 head 的速度慢, 若有 insert element 到 head, 且要求 complexity 要 O(1) 的話, 不能使用 vector
- list 非連續, 即 linked list 的封裝, 對於隨機存取速度慢, 但插入動作相當快速
- Ref: c++ list, vector, map, set 区别与用法比较
2018年10月17日 星期三
[LeetCode] 830. position of large groups
- Problem: position of large groups, 計算連續字母的開始與結束位置
- Solution:
- 直接 iterate 整個字串
- 第一個字母直接紀錄, 最後一組 group 要特別處理
class Solution { public: vector> collectLargeGroups(const char *str, int len) { char currCh; int length = 0, start = 0, end = 0; vector > result; const int LARGE_SIZE = 3; if (NULL == str) return result; currCh = str[0]; length = 1; for(size_t i = 1; i < len; ++i) { if (currCh != str[i]) { end = i - 1; length = end - start + 1; if (length >= LARGE_SIZE) { vector group{start, end}; result.push_back(group); } start = i; currCh = str[i]; } } // add last group end = len - 1; length = end - start + 1; if (length >= LARGE_SIZE) { vector group{start, end}; result.push_back(group); } return result; } vector > largeGroupPositions(string S) { return collectLargeGroups(S.c_str(), S.length()); } };
[LeetCode] 50 power (x, n)
- Problem: power (x, n), x為正整數
- Solution:
- 一種是 iteratively 的用 while loop, count down n 的值, 每次乘上 x
- 另一種直覺的是用 recursive, 但注意指數可以用平方來加速, 即 x^2 = x * x
- Note: 注意各 boundary, e.g. n < 0, n = MIN_INT 及 unsigned/signed 切換等 case
class Solution { public: double myPow(double x, int n) { if (0 == n) return 1; if (1 == n) return x; double sq = myPow(x, n/2); if (INT_MIN == n) return sq * sq; if (0 > n) return 1.0 / myPow(x, abs((unsigned int)-n)); if (0 == n % 2) return sq * sq; else return x * sq * sq; } };
[LeetCode] 23. merge k sorted lists
- Problems: merge k 個 sorted 的 lists
- Solution:
- 延續 21 merge two lists, iteratively 將 k 個中的 lists 兩兩 merge 即可
/** * Definition for singly-linked list. * struct ListNode { * int val; * ListNode *next; * ListNode(int x) : val(x), next(NULL) {} * }; */ class Solution { public: ListNode* mergeLists(ListNode *l1, ListNode *l2) { // ref to problem 22, merge two sorted list if (NULL == l1) return l2; if (NULL == l2) return l1; if (l1->val < l2->val) { l1->next = mergeLists(l1->next, l2); return l1; } else { l2->next = mergeLists(l1, l2->next); return l2; } } ListNode* mergeKLists(vector& lists) { // merge 2 by 2 lists size_t iters = lists.size() / 2; while (iters > 0) { iters = lists.size() / 2; for (size_t i = 0; i < iters; i++){ lists[i] = mergeLists(lists[i], lists[lists.size() - 1 - i]); } lists.erase(lists.begin() + iters + (1 == lists.size() % 2), lists.end()); } return (lists.size() > 0) ? lists[0] : NULL; } };
[LeetCode] 21 Merge Two Sorted Lists
- Problem: merge 兩個已排序的 lists
- Solution:
- 可以直接 iteratively 比較兩個 list 元素, 一個一個 push
- recursive
- 終止條件: list0 或 list1已到結尾, 則 return 另一個 list
- 當前判斷:
- 將最小元素的 next 指向 recursive return 回來的 list
- Code:
/** * Definition for singly-linked list. * struct ListNode { * int val; * ListNode *next; * ListNode(int x) : val(x), next(NULL) {} * }; */ class Solution { public: ListNode* mergeTwoLists(ListNode* l1, ListNode* l2) { if (NULL == l1) return l2; if (NULL == l2) return l1; if (l1->val < l2->val) { l1->next = mergeTwoLists(l1->next, l2); return l1; } else { l2->next = mergeTwoLists(l1, l2->next); return l2; } } };
[LeetCode] 22. generate parentheses
- Problem: 給定括號個數, 產生合法的括號排列組合
- Solution:
- 以 recursive 方式來解決
- 當下考慮的是, 還要加入幾個左括號及幾個右括號
- 終止條件: 左右括號都加完了
- 當前條件: 左括號沒有限制, 右括號則需有對應的左括號先加入了才行
- Note: 注意邊際條件 leftCount > 0
- Code
class Solution { public: // recursive solve this problem static void genParenthesis(vector&result, string s, int leftCount, int rightCount) { // when append done, add string to vector if (0 == leftCount && 0 == rightCount) result.push_back(s); // no matter where position, if leftCount > 0, you can add it if (leftCount > 0) genParenthesis(result, s + "(", leftCount - 1, rightCount); // you can append right parenthesis only when rightCount > leftCount if (leftCount < rightCount) genParenthesis(result, s + ")", leftCount, rightCount - 1); } vector generateParenthesis(int n) { vector result; genParenthesis(result, "", n, n); return result; } };
2018年10月15日 星期一
[LeetCode] 20. Valid Parentheses
- 題目: Valid Parentheses 判斷字串是否為合理的左右括號
- 作法: 實作 First in last out 的 stack, 遇到左括號做 push, 右括號 pop, 若不是對應的括號或是沒有 pop 完, 則不是 valid
class Solution { public: bool isValid(string s) { vectorbracketVec; for (size_t i = 0; i < s.length(); i++){ if (s[i] == ')' || s[i] == ']' || s[i] == '}' ) { if (bracketVec.empty()) return false; else if ( (s[i] == ')' && bracketVec.back() == '(') || (s[i] == ']' && bracketVec.back() == '[') || (s[i] == '}' && bracketVec.back() == '{')) bracketVec.pop_back(); else return false; } else if (s[i] == '(' || s[i] == '[' || s[i] == '{') { bracketVec.push_back(s[i]); } } return bracketVec.empty(); } };
2018年10月13日 星期六
[LeetCode] 57. Insert Interval
- Problem:
- 將一個新的 interval 插入到已排序且不 overlapped 的 interval list 中, 必要時進行 merge
- Solution:
- 先將 newInterval 依據 start 放到 interval list中
- 檢查 interval 是否需要 merge
/** * Definition for an interval. * struct Interval { * int start; * int end; * Interval() : start(0), end(0) {} * Interval(int s, int e) : start(s), end(e) {} * }; */ static bool isIntersec(const Interval &a, const Interval &b) { return max(a.start, b.start) <= min(a.end, b.end); } static Interval mergeInterval(const Interval &a, const Interval &b) { return (isIntersec(a, b))? Interval(min(a.start, b.start), max(a.end, b.end)) : Interval(0, 0); } class Solution { public: vectorinsert(vector & intervals, Interval newInterval) { vector result; // step 1. directly add newInterval into intervals first vector ::iterator it; for (it = intervals.begin(); it < intervals.end(); it++) { if (newInterval.start < it->start) { break; } } intervals.insert(it, newInterval); // step 2. merge nearby intervals if necessary for (size_t i = 0; i < intervals.size(); i++){ Interval merged(intervals[i].start, intervals[i].end); while (i+1 < intervals.size() && isIntersec(merged, intervals[i+1])) { merged.end = max(merged.end, intervals[i+1].end); i++; } result.push_back(merged); } return result; } };
2018年10月3日 星期三
[Mac] 硬體重設與診斷
- 重開機後, 純白開機畫面按
D: 硬體診斷 => 個人是在 Macbook上聞到燒焦味時做的
command + option + P + R => 我是在重裝 SSD 後需要hardware重新偵測
- Reference
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